ArrayList简介 1 2 3 public class ArrayList <E > extends AbstractList <E > implements List <E >, RandomAccess , Cloneable , java .io .Serializable {}
ArrayList 是一个数组队列,相当于动态数组。与Java中的数组相比,它的容量能动态增长。它继承于AbstractList,实现了List, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
这些接口。
ArrayList 继承了AbstractList
,实现了List。它是一个数组队列,提供了相关的添加、删除、修改、遍历等功能。
ArrayList 实现了RandmoAccess
接口,即提供了随机访问功能。RandmoAccess是java中用来被List实现,为List提供快速访问功能的。在ArrayList中,我们即可以通过元素的序号快速获取元素对象;这就是快速随机访问。稍后,我们会比较List的“快速随机访问”和“通过Iterator迭代器访问”的效率。
ArrayList 实现了Cloneable
接口,即覆盖了函数clone(),能被克隆。
ArrayList 实现java.io.Serializable
接口,这意味着ArrayList支持序列化,能通过序列化去传输。
和Vector不同,ArrayList中的操作不是线程安全的! 所以,建议在单线程中才使用ArrayList,而在多线程中可以选择Vector或者CopyOnWriteArrayList。
ArrayList构造函数 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ArrayList() ArrayList(int capacity) ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> collection)
ArrayList的API 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 boolean add (E object) boolean addAll (Collection<? extends E> collection) void clear () boolean contains (Object object) boolean containsAll (Collection<?> collection) boolean equals (Object object) int hashCode () boolean isEmpty () Iterator<E> iterator () boolean remove (Object object) boolean removeAll (Collection<?> collection) boolean retainAll (Collection<?> collection) int size () <T> T[] toArray (T[] array) Object[] toArray () void add (int location, E object) boolean addAll (int location, Collection<? extends E> collection) E get (int location) int indexOf (Object object) int lastIndexOf (Object object) ListIterator<E> listIterator (int location) ListIterator<E> listIterator () E remove (int location) E set (int location, E object) List<E> subList (int start, int end) Object clone () void ensureCapacity (int minimumCapacity) void trimToSize () void removeRange (int fromIndex, int toIndex)
ArrayList数据结构 ArrayList的继承关系
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 java.lang.Object |___ java.util.AbstractCollection<E> |___ java.util.AbstractList<E> |___ java.util.ArrayList<E> public class ArrayList <E > extends AbstractList <E > implements List <E >, RandomAccess , Cloneable , java .io .Serializable {}
ArrayList与Collection关系如下图:
ArrayList包含了两个重要的对象:elementData 和 size。
elementData 是”Object[]类型的数组”,它保存了添加到ArrayList中的元素。实际上,elementData是个动态数组,我们能通过构造函数 ArrayList(int initialCapacity)来执行它的初始容量为initialCapacity;如果通过不含参数的构造函数ArrayList()来创建ArrayList,则elementData的容量默认是10。elementData数组的大小会根据ArrayList容量的增长而动态的增长,具体的增长方式,请参考源码分析中的ensureCapacity()函数。
size 则是动态数组的实际大小。
ArrayList源码解析(基于JDK1.6.0_45) 为了更了解ArrayList的原理,下面对ArrayList源码代码作出分析。ArrayList是通过数组实现的,源码比较容易理解。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 package java.util;public class ArrayList <E > extends AbstractList <E > implements List <E >, RandomAccess , Cloneable , java .io .Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L ; private transient Object[] elementData; private int size; public ArrayList (int initialCapacity) { super (); if (initialCapacity < 0 ) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: " + initialCapacity); this .elementData = new Object[initialCapacity]; } public ArrayList () { this (10 ); } public ArrayList (Collection<? extends E> c) { elementData = c.toArray(); size = elementData.length; if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class) elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class); } public void trimToSize () { modCount++; int oldCapacity = elementData.length; if (size < oldCapacity) { elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size); } } public void ensureCapacity (int minCapacity) { modCount++; int oldCapacity = elementData.length; if (minCapacity > oldCapacity) { Object oldData[] = elementData; int newCapacity = (oldCapacity * 3 )/2 + 1 ; if (newCapacity < minCapacity) newCapacity = minCapacity; elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity); } } public boolean add (E e) { ensureCapacity(size + 1 ); elementData[size++] = e; return true ; } public int size () { return size; } public boolean contains (Object o) { return indexOf(o) >= 0 ; } public boolean isEmpty () { return size == 0 ; } public int indexOf (Object o) { if (o == null ) { for (int i = 0 ; i < size; i++) if (elementData[i]==null ) return i; } else { for (int i = 0 ; i < size; i++) if (o.equals(elementData[i])) return i; } return -1 ; } public int lastIndexOf (Object o) { if (o == null ) { for (int i = size-1 ; i >= 0 ; i--) if (elementData[i]==null ) return i; } else { for (int i = size-1 ; i >= 0 ; i--) if (o.equals(elementData[i])) return i; } return -1 ; } public Object[] toArray() { return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size); } public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) { if (a.length < size) return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass()); System.arraycopy(elementData, 0 , a, 0 , size); if (a.length > size) a[size] = null ; return a; } public E get (int index) { RangeCheck(index); return (E) elementData[index]; } public E set (int index, E element) { RangeCheck(index); E oldValue = (E) elementData[index]; elementData[index] = element; return oldValue; } public boolean add (E e) { ensureCapacity(size + 1 ); elementData[size++] = e; return true ; } public void add (int index, E element) { if (index > size || index < 0 ) throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException( "Index: " +index+", Size: " +size); ensureCapacity(size+1 ); System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1 , size - index); elementData[index] = element; size++; } public E remove (int index) { RangeCheck(index); modCount++; E oldValue = (E) elementData[index]; int numMoved = size - index - 1 ; if (numMoved > 0 ) System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1 , elementData, index, numMoved); elementData[--size] = null ; return oldValue; } public boolean remove (Object o) { if (o == null ) { for (int index = 0 ; index < size; index++) if (elementData[index] == null ) { fastRemove(index); return true ; } } else { for (int index = 0 ; index < size; index++) if (o.equals(elementData[index])) { fastRemove(index); return true ; } } return false ; } private void fastRemove (int index) { modCount++; int numMoved = size - index - 1 ; if (numMoved > 0 ) System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1 , elementData, index, numMoved); elementData[--size] = null ; } public boolean remove (Object o) { if (o == null ) { for (int index = 0 ; index < size; index++) if (elementData[index] == null ) { fastRemove(index); return true ; } } else { for (int index = 0 ; index < size; index++) if (o.equals(elementData[index])) { fastRemove(index); return true ; } } return false ; } public void clear () { modCount++; for (int i = 0 ; i < size; i++) elementData[i] = null ; size = 0 ; } public boolean addAll (Collection<? extends E> c) { Object[] a = c.toArray(); int numNew = a.length; ensureCapacity(size + numNew); System.arraycopy(a, 0 , elementData, size, numNew); size += numNew; return numNew != 0 ; } public boolean addAll (int index, Collection<? extends E> c) { if (index > size || index < 0 ) throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException( "Index: " + index + ", Size: " + size); Object[] a = c.toArray(); int numNew = a.length; ensureCapacity(size + numNew); int numMoved = size - index; if (numMoved > 0 ) System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew, numMoved); System.arraycopy(a, 0 , elementData, index, numNew); size += numNew; return numNew != 0 ; } protected void removeRange (int fromIndex, int toIndex) { modCount++; int numMoved = size - toIndex; System.arraycopy(elementData, toIndex, elementData, fromIndex, numMoved); int newSize = size - (toIndex-fromIndex); while (size != newSize) elementData[--size] = null ; } private void RangeCheck (int index) { if (index >= size) throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException( "Index: " +index+", Size: " +size); } public Object clone () { try { ArrayList<E> v = (ArrayList<E>) super .clone(); v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size); v.modCount = 0 ; return v; } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) { throw new InternalError(); } } private void writeObject (java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) throws java.io.IOException { int expectedModCount = modCount; s.defaultWriteObject(); s.writeInt(elementData.length); for (int i=0 ; i<size; i++) s.writeObject(elementData[i]); if (modCount != expectedModCount) { throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); } } private void readObject (java.io.ObjectInputStream s) throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException { s.defaultReadObject(); int arrayLength = s.readInt(); Object[] a = elementData = new Object[arrayLength]; for (int i=0 ; i<size; i++) a[i] = s.readObject(); } }
总结:
ArrayList 实际上是通过一个数组去保存数据的。当我们构造ArrayList时;若使用默认构造函数,则ArrayList的默认容量大小是10。
当ArrayList容量不足以容纳全部元素时,ArrayList会重新设置容量:新的容量=“(原始容量x3)/2 + 1”。
ArrayList的克隆函数,即是将全部元素克隆到一个数组中。
ArrayList实现java.io.Serializable的方式。当写入到输出流时,先写入“容量”,再依次写入“每一个元素”;当读出输入流时,先读取“容量”,再依次读取“每一个元素”。
ArrayList遍历方式 ArrayList支持3种遍历方式
第一种,通过迭代器遍历。即通过Iterator去遍历。 1 2 3 4 5 Integer value = null ; Iterator iter = list.iterator(); while (iter.hasNext()) { value = (Integer)iter.next(); }
第二种,随机访问,通过索引值去遍历。 由于ArrayList实现了RandomAccess接口,它支持通过索引值去随机访问元素。
1 2 3 4 5 Integer value = null ; int size = list.size();for (int i=0 ; i<size; i++) { value = (Integer)list.get(i); }
第三种,for循环遍历。如下: 1 2 3 4 Integer value = null ; for (Integer integ:list) { value = integ; }
下面通过一个实例,比较这3种方式的效率,实例代码:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 import java.util.*;import java.util.concurrent.*;public class ArrayListRandomAccessTest { public static void main (String[] args) { List list = new ArrayList(); for (int i=0 ; i<100000 ; i++) list.add(i); iteratorThroughRandomAccess(list) ; iteratorThroughIterator(list) ; iteratorThroughFor2(list) ; } private static void isRandomAccessSupported (List list) { if (list instanceof RandomAccess) { System.out.println("RandomAccess implemented!" ); } else { System.out.println("RandomAccess not implemented!" ); } } public static void iteratorThroughRandomAccess (List list) { long startTime; long endTime; startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); for (int i=0 ; i<list.size(); i++) { list.get(i); } endTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); long interval = endTime - startTime; System.out.println("iteratorThroughRandomAccess:" + interval+" ms" ); } public static void iteratorThroughIterator (List list) { long startTime; long endTime; startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); for (Iterator iter = list.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) { iter.next(); } endTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); long interval = endTime - startTime; System.out.println("iteratorThroughIterator:" + interval+" ms" ); } public static void iteratorThroughFor2 (List list) { long startTime; long endTime; startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); for (Object obj:list) ; endTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); long interval = endTime - startTime; System.out.println("iteratorThroughFor2:" + interval+" ms" ); } }
运行结果:
1 2 3 iteratorThroughRandomAccess:3 ms iteratorThroughIterator:8 ms iteratorThroughFor2:5 ms
由此可见,遍历ArrayList时,使用随机访问(即,通过索引序号访问)效率最高,而使用迭代器的效率最低!
toArray()异常 当我们调用ArrayList中的 toArray(),可能遇到过出“java.lang.ClassCastException”异常的情况。下面我们说说这是怎么回事。
ArrayList提供了2个toArray()函数:
1 2 Object[] toArray() <T> T[] toArray(T[] contents)
调用 toArray() 函数会抛出“java.lang.ClassCastException”异常,但是调用 toArray(T[] contents) 能正常返回 T[]。
toArray() 会抛出异常是因为 toArray() 返回的是 Object[] 数组,将 Object[] 转换为其它类型(如如,将Object[]转换为的Integer[])则会抛出“java.lang.ClassCastException”异常,因为Java不支持向下转型。具体的可以参考前面ArrayList.java的源码介绍部分的toArray()。
解决该问题的办法是调用 T[] toArray(T[] contents) , 而不是 Object[] toArray()。
调用 toArray(T[] contents) 返回T[]的可以通过以下几种方式实现。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 public static Integer[] vectorToArray1(ArrayList<Integer> v) { Integer[] newText = new Integer[v.size()]; v.toArray(newText); return newText; } public static Integer[] vectorToArray2(ArrayList<Integer> v) { Integer[] newText = (Integer[])v.toArray(new Integer[0 ]); return newText; } public static Integer[] vectorToArray3(ArrayList<Integer> v) { Integer[] newText = new Integer[v.size()]; Integer[] newStrings = (Integer[])v.toArray(newText); return newStrings; }
ArrayList示例 本文通过一个实例(ArrayListTest.java),介绍 ArrayList 中常用API的用法。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 import java.util.*;public class ArrayListTest { public static void main (String[] args) { ArrayList list = new ArrayList(); list.add("1" ); list.add("2" ); list.add("3" ); list.add("4" ); list.add(0 , "5" ); System.out.println("the first element is: " + list.get(0 )); list.remove("3" ); System.out.println("Arraylist size=: " + list.size()); System.out.println("ArrayList contains 3 is: " + list.contains(3 )); list.set(1 , "10" ); for (Iterator iter = list.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) { System.out.println("next is: " + iter.next()); } String[] arr = (String[])list.toArray(new String[0 ]); for (String str:arr) System.out.println("str: " + str); list.clear(); System.out.println("ArrayList is empty: " + list.isEmpty()); } }
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 the first element is: 5 Arraylist size=: 4 ArrayList contains 3 is: false next is: 5 next is: 10 next is: 2 next is: 4 str: 5 str: 10 str: 2 str: 4 ArrayList is empty: true